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Mojibake (Japanese: 文字化け; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the consequence of text being decoded using an unintended graphic symbol encoding.[one] The upshot is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, often from a different writing system.
This display may include the generic replacement graphic symbol ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement tin too involve multiple consecutive symbols, every bit viewed in one encoding, when the aforementioned binary code constitutes i symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (equally in Asian 16-scrap encodings vs European eight-bit encodings), or the use of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-sixteen).
Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different issue that is non to be dislocated with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code bespeak displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the result of correct error handling by the software.
Etymology [edit]
Mojibake means "character transformation" in Japanese. The give-and-take is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "character" and 化け (bake, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".
Causes [edit]
To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence between the encoded information and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. As mojibake is the example of not-compliance betwixt these, information technology can be achieved by manipulating the data itself, or just relabeling information technology.
Mojibake is often seen with text information that have been tagged with a wrong encoding; information technology may not even exist tagged at all, only moved between computers with different default encodings. A major source of trouble are advice protocols that rely on settings on each reckoner rather than sending or storing metadata together with the information.
The differing default settings between computers are in part due to differing deployments of Unicode among operating organisation families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for different writing systems of man languages. Whereas Linux distributions by and large switched to UTF-eight in 2004,[two] Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-sixteen, and sometimes uses 8-fleck lawmaking pages for text files in different languages.[ dubious ]
For some writing systems, an case existence Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to run across mojibake relatively oft. Equally a Japanese instance, the word mojibake "文字化け" stored as EUC-JP might exist incorrectly displayed as "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The same text stored equally UTF-viii is displayed as "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted every bit Shift JIS. This is farther exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-viii text appears every bit "æ–‡å—化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-1 encodings, ordinarily labelled Western, or (for case) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted equally being in a GBK (Mainland Red china) locale.
| Original text | 文 | 字 | 化 | け | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding | CA | B8 | BB | FA | B2 | BD | A4 | B1 |
| Bytes interpreted as Shift-JIS encoding | ﾊ | ｸ | ｻ | 郾 | ｽ | ､ | ｱ | |
| Bytes interpreted equally ISO-8859-i encoding | Ê | ¸ | » | ú | ² | ½ | ¤ | ± |
| Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding | 矢 | 机 | 步 | け | ||||
Underspecification [edit]
If the encoding is not specified, it is up to the software to decide it by other means. Depending on the type of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are prone to mis-prediction in not-so-uncommon scenarios.
The encoding of text files is affected by locale setting, which depends on the user's language, make of operating system and possibly other conditions. Therefore, the causeless encoding is systematically wrong for files that come from a figurer with a unlike setting, or fifty-fifty from a differently localized software within the same system. For Unicode, one solution is to employ a byte social club mark, just for source code and other machine readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding as metadata in the file arrangement. File systems that support extended file attributes can store this as user.charset.[3] This also requires back up in software that wants to take advantage of it, simply does not disturb other software.
While a few encodings are easy to notice, in particular UTF-8, at that place are many that are hard to distinguish (see charset detection). A spider web browser may not be able to distinguish a folio coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML document's meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to transport the proper HTTP headers; see character encodings in HTML.
Mis-specification [edit]
Mojibake likewise occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This often happens between encodings that are similar. For example, the Eudora email customer for Windows was known to transport emails labelled every bit ISO-8859-i that were in reality Windows-1252.[4] The Mac Bone version of Eudora did not showroom this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the most frequently seen beingness curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were not displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this especially affected software running under other operating systems such as Unix.
Man ignorance [edit]
Of the encodings still in use, many are partially uniform with each other, with ASCII as the predominant common subset. This sets the phase for human ignorance:
- Compatibility can exist a deceptive holding, as the common subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of two encodings (encounter Problems in different writing systems).
- People think they are using ASCII, and tend to label whatever superset of ASCII they actually use as "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, but even in academic literature, the word "ASCII" tin be institute used equally an example of something not compatible with Unicode, where evidently "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-8.[1] Note that UTF-8 is backwards uniform with ASCII.
Overspecification [edit]
When in that location are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on different information, the least sure information may be misleading to the recipient. For example, consider a spider web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character set may be communicated to the customer in any number of 3 means:
- in the HTTP header. This information can be based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off deejay) or controlled by the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
- in the file, as an HTML meta tag (
http-equivorcharset) or theencodingaspect of an XML annunciation. This is the encoding that the writer meant to salvage the particular file in. - in the file, as a byte guild marker. This is the encoding that the writer's editor really saved it in. Unless an accidental encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in i encoding and saving information technology in another), this volition be correct. Information technology is, however, only available in Unicode encodings such as UTF-viii or UTF-16.
Lack of hardware or software support [edit]
Much older hardware is typically designed to support but one character set and the character gear up typically cannot exist contradistinct. The character table independent within the display firmware volition be localized to have characters for the country the device is to be sold in, and typically the table differs from country to state. Every bit such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a organisation from a different land. Likewise, many early operating systems do not support multiple encoding formats and thus will end upwards displaying mojibake if made to brandish non-standard text—early versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm Bone for example, are localized on a per-country basis and will only support encoding standards relevant to the country the localized version volition exist sold in, and volition brandish mojibake if a file containing a text in a dissimilar encoding format from the version that the OS is designed to back up is opened.
Resolutions [edit]
Applications using UTF-viii equally a default encoding may achieve a greater degree of interoperability considering of its widespread use and backward compatibility with United states-ASCII. UTF-eight likewise has the power to be directly recognised by a unproblematic algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 upwardly with other encodings.
The difficulty of resolving an instance of mojibake varies depending on the application within which it occurs and the causes of it. Two of the nearly common applications in which mojibake may occur are web browsers and word processors. Modern browsers and word processors often back up a wide array of character encodings. Browsers often allow a user to change their rendering engine'south encoding setting on the wing, while word processors allow the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. It may accept some trial and fault for users to find the correct encoding.
The trouble gets more than complicated when it occurs in an application that unremarkably does not support a wide range of character encoding, such every bit in a non-Unicode figurer game. In this case, the user must change the operating organisation's encoding settings to friction match that of the game. Yet, changing the system-wide encoding settings can likewise cause Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or later, a user also has the option to use Microsoft AppLocale, an awarding that allows the changing of per-application locale settings. Even and so, changing the operating system encoding settings is not possible on before operating systems such every bit Windows 98; to resolve this result on earlier operating systems, a user would have to employ tertiary party font rendering applications.
Bug in different writing systems [edit]
English [edit]
Mojibake in English texts generally occurs in punctuation, such every bit em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), merely rarely in character text, since well-nigh encodings concur with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" will appear every bit "£" if it was encoded by the sender as UTF-viii but interpreted by the recipient as CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this can lead to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.
Some computers did, in older eras, take vendor-specific encodings which acquired mismatch besides for English text. Commodore brand 8-scrap computers used PETSCII encoding, particularly notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, but flipped the case of all letters. IBM mainframes use the EBCDIC encoding which does not friction match ASCII at all.
Other Western European languages [edit]
The alphabets of the Northward Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, German language, French, Portuguese and Spanish are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The boosted characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts only mildly unreadable with mojibake:
- å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
- à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
- æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
- á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
- ä, ö, ü, and ß in German
- á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faroese
- á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
- à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
- à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
- á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Castilian
- à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
- á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish
- à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
- £ in British English
… and their upper-case letter counterparts, if applicable.
These are languages for which the ISO-8859-1 graphic symbol prepare (also known every bit Latin 1 or Western) has been in use. However, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted past two competing standards, the backward uniform Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-fifteen. Both add together the Euro sign € and the French œ, but otherwise any confusion of these three graphic symbol sets does non create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is always safe to translate ISO-8859-1 as Windows-1252, and adequately prophylactic to interpret information technology as ISO-8859-15, in particular with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). However, with the advent of UTF-8, mojibake has become more common in sure scenarios, e.g. exchange of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-8's incompatibility with Latin-1 and Windows-1252. Merely UTF-8 has the power to be directly recognised by a simple algorithm, and then that well written software should exist able to avoid mixing UTF-viii up with other encodings, so this was near common when many had software not supporting UTF-8. Virtually of these languages were supported by MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, and so problems when buying an operating arrangement version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are not uniform all the same.
In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is commonly obvious when one character gets corrupted, e.chiliad. the second alphabetic character in "kärlek" ( kärlek , "love"). This manner, even though the reader has to guess betwixt å, ä and ö, almost all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other mitt, does feature repeating vowels in words like hääyö ("wedding nighttime") which tin sometimes render text very hard to read (e.g. hääyö appears as "hääyö"). Icelandic and Faroese take ten and eight possibly misreckoning characters, respectively, which thus can get in more difficult to judge corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") get virtually entirely unintelligible when rendered equally "þjóðlöð".
In German, Buchstabensalat ("letter salad") is a common term for this phenomenon, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).
Some users transliterate their writing when using a computer, either by omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard practice in German when umlauts are not available. The latter practice seems to exist improve tolerated in the German language sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may be used jokingly. However, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the world. Equally an instance, the Norwegian football player Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his proper name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.
An artifact of UTF-viii misinterpreted as ISO-8859-ane, "Ring million nÃ¥" (" Band million nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.[five]
| Swedish example: | Smörgås (open up sandwich) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Result |
| MS-DOS 437 | ISO 8859-1 | Sm"rg†s |
| ISO 8859-one | Mac Roman | SmˆrgÂs |
| UTF-eight | ISO 8859-1 | Smörgådue south |
| UTF-eight | Mac Roman | Smörgås |
Central and Eastern European [edit]
Users of Central and Eastern European languages tin can also be affected. Because most computers were not connected to whatsoever network during the mid- to late-1980s, there were unlike character encodings for every language with diacritical characters (meet ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-eight), oftentimes also varying by operating system.
Hungarian [edit]
Hungarian is another affected language, which uses the 26 basic English characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-1 grapheme gear up), plus the two characters ő and ű, which are not in Latin-1. These two characters tin can exist correctly encoded in Latin-2, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Before Unicode became mutual in east-mail clients, eastward-mails containing Hungarian text often had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the bespeak of unrecognizability. Information technology is common to reply to an email rendered unreadable (encounter examples below) past character mangling (referred to as "betűszemét", significant "letter garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling car") containing all absolute characters used in Hungarian.
Examples [edit]
| Source encoding | Target encoding | Event | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian example | ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép | Characters in ruby are wrong and do not match the acme-left example. | |
| CP 852 | CP 437 | ╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép | This was very mutual in DOS-era when the text was encoded by the Central European CP 852 encoding; withal, the operating system, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Delight note that small-scale-example letters are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct considering CP 852 was made compatible with German. Present occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques. |
| CWI-2 | CP 437 | ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép | The CWI-2 encoding was designed so that the text remains fairly well-readable even if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early 1990s, simply nowadays it is completely deprecated. |
| Windows-1250 | Windows-1252 | ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép | The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European one. Only ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are wrong, but the text is completely readable. This is the most common error nowadays; due to ignorance, it occurs ofttimes on webpages or even in printed media. |
| CP 852 | Windows-1250 | µRVÖZTëRŠ TšM™RFéRŕG P rvˇztűr‹ t 1000"rfŁr˘m‚p | Cardinal European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The use of ű is correct. |
| Windows-1250 | CP 852 | ┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄KÍRF┌RËG╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘyard÷rf˙rˇgÚp | Fundamental European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The utilize of ű is correct. |
| Quoted-printable | 7-chip ASCII | =C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCGrand=D6RF=DAR=D3G=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCgrand=F6rf=FAr=F3g=E9p | Mainly caused by wrongly configured mail servers but may occur in SMS messages on some cell-phones too. |
| UTF-8 | Windows-1252 | ÃRVÃZTÅ°RÅ TÃœYardÖRFÚRÃ"ThouÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tümörfúrógép | Mainly caused past wrongly configured web services or webmail clients, which were non tested for international usage (as the trouble remains concealed for English texts). In this case the bodily (often generated) content is in UTF-viii; however, it is not configured in the HTML headers, so the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding. |
Polish [edit]
Prior to the creation of ISO 8859-ii in 1987, users of diverse computing platforms used their own character encodings such equally AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Club on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early on DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible means to encode Polish characters and only reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware code pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other computer sellers had placed them.
The situation began to improve when, after pressure from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-two succeeded equally the "Net standard" with limited support of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced past Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Smoothen diacritical characters as krzaczki ([ˈkʂät͜ʂ.ki], lit. "little shrubs").
Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]
Mojibake may be colloquially called krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic.[6] The Soviet Union and early Russia developed KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Code for Data Substitution"). This began with Cyrillic-only 7-bit KOI7, based on ASCII but with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. And so came viii-bit KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic messages but with high-bit set octets corresponding to seven-bit codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, fifty-fifty Russian, remains partially readable after stripping the eighth scrap, which was considered equally a major reward in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware email systems. For instance, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and and then passed through the high bit stripping procedure, stop upwards rendered as "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Somewhen KOI8 gained different flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belarusian (KOI8-RU) and fifty-fifty Tajik (KOI8-T).
Meanwhile, in the W, Lawmaking page 866 supported Ukrainian and Belorussian as well as Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Page 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.
Most recently, the Unicode encoding includes lawmaking points for practically all the characters of all the earth's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.
Earlier Unicode, information technology was necessary to lucifer text encoding with a font using the aforementioned encoding system. Failure to practice this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific advent varied depending on the verbal combination of text encoding and font encoding. For instance, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is express to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists almost entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists mostly of capital letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the same ASCII region, but KOI8 has capital letter messages in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early on years of the Russian sector of the World wide web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, one tin still encounter HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, besides as Unicode. (An estimated 1.vii% of all web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.[vii]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for whatever given web page in its source,[8] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.
In Bulgarian, mojibake is often chosen majmunica ( маймуница ), pregnant "monkey'due south [alphabet]". In Serbian, information technology is called đubre ( ђубре ), meaning "trash". Unlike the quondam USSR, South Slavs never used something similar KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding there before Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially similar to (although incompatible with) CP866.
| Russian instance: | Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters) | |
|---|---|---|
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Result |
| MS-DOS 855 | ISO 8859-ane | Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ |
| KOI8-R | ISO 8859-1 | ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ |
| UTF-8 | KOI8-R | п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀ |
Yugoslav languages [edit]
Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the seceding varieties of Serbo-Croatian language) and Slovenian add to the basic Latin alphabet the messages š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their capital counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (simply č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovene; officially, although others are used when needed, by and large in foreign names, also). All of these letters are defined in Latin-two and Windows-1250, while merely some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual OS-default Windows-1252, and are there because of some other languages.
Although Mojibake can occur with whatever of these characters, the letters that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more than prone to errors. Thus, fifty-fifty present, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is ofttimes displayed as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.
When confined to bones ASCII (nigh user names, for example), mutual replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word case). All of these replacements innovate ambiguities, and so reconstructing the original from such a form is commonly done manually if required.
The Windows-1252 encoding is of import because the English language versions of the Windows operating system are virtually widespread, non localized ones.[ citation needed ] The reasons for this include a relatively modest and fragmented market, increasing the price of high quality localization, a high degree of software piracy (in turn caused by high price of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.[ citation needed ]
The bulldoze to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and at present even Montenegrin from the other iii creates many problems. In that location are many different localizations, using different standards and of dissimilar quality. There are no common translations for the vast amount of computer terminology originating in English. In the end, people employ adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "estimator", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may non understand what some choice in a menu is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who understand English, as well as those who are accustomed to English terminology (who are almost, because English terminology is also mostly taught in schools because of these problems) regularly choose the original English versions of non-specialist software.
When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is similar to other Cyrillic-based scripts.
Newer versions of English Windows allow the code page to be changed (older versions require special English versions with this support), but this setting tin can be and frequently was incorrectly fix. For example, Windows 98 and Windows Me tin can be set to most non-correct-to-left unmarried-byte code pages including 1250, but only at install time.
Caucasian languages [edit]
The writing systems of sure languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is particularly astute in the case of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a ready of obsolete character encodings for the Armenian alphabet which take been superseded past Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used because of a lack of support in the reckoner industry. For case, Microsoft Windows does not support it.
Asian encodings [edit]
Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as one of the encodings for East Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than ane (typically two) characters are corrupted at in one case, east.g. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed as "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is specially problematic for short words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since ii letters are combined, the mojibake too seems more random (over 50 variants compared to the normal three, non counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text string which happens to include a pattern of detail give-and-take lengths, such as the sentence "Bush hid the facts", may be misinterpreted.
Vietnamese [edit]
In Vietnamese, the miracle is called chữ ma , loạn mã can occur when computer try to encode diacritic character defined in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-8. Chữ ma was mutual in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP computer or using cheap mobile phone.
| Example: | Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du) | |
|---|---|---|
| Original encoding | Target encoding | Result |
| Windows-1258 | UTF-viii | Trăthou năm trong cõi ngÆ°á»i ta |
| TCVN3 | UTF-8 | Tr¨one thousand n¨one thousand trong câi ngêi ta |
| VNI (Windows) | UTF-8 | Traêm naêm trong coõi ngöôøi ta |
Japanese [edit]
In Japanese, the same phenomenon is, as mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). It is a detail problem in Nihon due to the numerous unlike encodings that exist for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings like UTF-viii and UTF-16, at that place are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, too equally being encountered by Japanese users, is also oftentimes encountered past non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.
Chinese [edit]
In Chinese, the same phenomenon is chosen Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , significant 'chaotic code'), and can occur when computerised text is encoded in one Chinese character encoding simply is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, information technology is often possible to fix the upshot by switching the character encoding without loss of data. The situation is complicated because of the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, the most common ones existence: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.
Information technology is piece of cake to identify the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:
| Original encoding | Viewed as | Issue | Original text | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Big5 | GB | ?T瓣в变巨肚 | 三國志曹操傳 | Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original significant. The red character is not a valid codepoint in GB2312. |
| Shift-JIS | GB | 暥帤壔偗僥僗僩 | 文字化けテスト | Kana is displayed as characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Most of them are extremely uncommon and not in applied utilise in modernistic Chinese. |
| EUC-KR | GB | 叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨 | 디제이맥스 테크니카 | Random mutual Simplified Chinese characters which in virtually cases make no sense. Easily identifiable because of spaces between every several characters. |
An additional problem is caused when encodings are missing characters, which is common with rare or antiquated characters that are nonetheless used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'s "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'south "堃" and singer David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'due south "喆" missing in Big5, ex-PRC Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'s "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.[ix]
Newspapers have dealt with this problem in diverse ways, including using software to combine 2 existing, similar characters; using a picture of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare graphic symbol in the hope that the reader would exist able to make the correct inference.
Indic text [edit]
A similar effect can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of Southern asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages every bit Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Panjabi, Marathi, and others, fifty-fifty if the grapheme gear up employed is properly recognized past the application. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which individual alphabetic character symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood by a computer missing the advisable software, even if the glyphs for the private letter forms are available.
1 example of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to prove the graphic symbol analogous to "wi" (the first syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to bear the Devanagari character for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" character followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable as mojibake generated by a calculator not configured to display Indic text.[10] The logo equally redesigned as of May 2010[ref] has fixed these errors.
The thought of Plain Text requires the operating system to provide a font to display Unicode codes. This font is different from OS to OS for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some messages (syllables) beyond all operating systems. For instance, the 'reph', the curt form for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on top of a plain letter. All the same, information technology is wrong to go on pinnacle of some letters like 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modern languages, such as कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, it is apt to put it on top of these messages. By contrast, for similar sounds in modernistic languages which result from their specific rules, it is not put on peak, such as the word करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stem class of the common word करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marāthi linguistic communication.[11] Merely it happens in most operating systems. This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac Bone and iOS, the muurdhaja 50 (dark l) and 'u' combination and its long grade both yield wrong shapes.[ citation needed ]
Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, most notably Lao, were not officially supported by Windows XP until the release of Vista.[12] However, various sites take made gratis-to-download fonts.
Burmese [edit]
Due to Western sanctions[13] and the late inflow of Burmese language support in computers,[fourteen] [15] much of the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font but was in fact simply partially Unicode compliant.[15] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented equally specified in Unicode, just others were not.[xvi] The Unicode Consortium refers to this every bit advertisement hoc font encodings.[17] With the appearance of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei simply replaced the Unicode compliant system fonts with Zawgyi versions.[14]
Due to these ad hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render every bit garbled text. To get effectually this issue, content producers would brand posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.[18] Myanmar government has designated one October 2019 every bit "U-Twenty-four hour period" to officially switch to Unicode.[13] The full transition is estimated to take two years.[19]
African languages [edit]
In sure writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such as the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Republic of malaŵi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Congo-kinshasa, but these are not mostly supported. Various other writing systems native to Due west Africa present similar problems, such as the North'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Republic of guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.
Arabic [edit]
Another affected language is Arabic (come across below). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings do not match.
Examples [edit]
| File encoding | Setting in browser | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Standard arabic case: |  (Universal Declaration of Human being Rights) | |
| Browser rendering: | الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان | |
| UTF-eight | Windows-1252 | الإعلان العالمى Ù„Øقوق الإنسان |
| KOI8-R | О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├ | |
| ISO 8859-5 | яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй� | |
| CP 866 | я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж | |
| ISO 8859-6 | ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع� | |
| ISO 8859-2 | اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ� | |
| Windows-1256 | Windows-1252 | ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä |
The examples in this commodity exercise not have UTF-viii every bit browser setting, because UTF-viii is hands recognisable, then if a browser supports UTF-eight information technology should recognise it automatically, and not endeavour to interpret something else equally UTF-8.
See also [edit]
- Code point
- Replacement character
- Substitute character
- Newline – The conventions for representing the line break differ between Windows and Unix systems. Though nigh software supports both conventions (which is picayune), software that must preserve or display the difference (due east.grand. version control systems and data comparing tools) tin get substantially more hard to utilize if not adhering to one convention.
- Byte order mark – The well-nigh in-band way to store the encoding together with the information – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, simply will by design be perceived equally "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
- HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, mostly optional, only required for certain characters to escape estimation equally markup.
While failure to apply this transformation is a vulnerability (see cross-site scripting), applying it too many times results in garbling of these characters. For example, the quotation mark
"becomes",","so on. - Bush-league hid the facts
References [edit]
- ^ a b Rex, Ritchie (2012). "Will unicode soon be the universal lawmaking? [The Data]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (7): sixty. doi:x.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
- ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "scroll -v linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved 5 October 2018.
- ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
- ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora email client". 2001-05-thirteen. Retrieved 2014-11-01 .
- ^ "sms-scam". June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
- ^ p. 141, Control + Alt + Delete: A Lexicon of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, Globe Pequot, 2007, ISBN 1-59921-039-8.
- ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
- ^ "Declaring character encodings in HTML".
- ^ "PRC GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-10-01. Conversion map betwixt Code page 936 and Unicode. Demand manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
- ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia's Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ https://marāthi.indiatyping.com/
- ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
- ^ a b "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches up in Myanmar's digital world". The Japan Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.
Oct. ane is "U-Day", when Myanmar officially will adopt the new organization.... Microsoft and Apple tree helped other countries standardize years ago, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
- ^ a b Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Frontier Myanmar . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
With the release of Windows XP service pack 2, complex scripts were supported, which made it possible for Windows to return a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such every bit Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, BIT, and later Zawgyi, confining the rendering problem by calculation actress code points that were reserved for Myanmar's indigenous languages. Not only does the re-mapping prevent future ethnic language back up, it also results in a typing arrangement that tin can be confusing and inefficient, fifty-fifty for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the two most popular smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated only by capturing the largest marketplace share, which means they back up Zawgyi out of the box.
- ^ a b Sin, Thant (7 September 2019). "Unified nether one font system equally Myanmar prepares to drift from Zawgyi to Unicode". Ascent Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed dissimilar the individual and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will meliorate natural language processing
- ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Code: Zawgyi Project . Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Ofttimes Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
"UTF-viii" technically does non apply to ad hoc font encodings such as Zawgyi.
- ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook'southward path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Engineering". Facebook Engineering. Facebook. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
It makes advice on digital platforms difficult, as content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In society to amend reach their audiences, content producers in Myanmar frequently post in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a single post, not to mention English language or other languages.
- ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to take two years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.
External links [edit]
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake
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